Toto: Time Series Optimized Transformer for Observability

Table of Links

1. Background
2. Problem statement
3. Model architecture
4. Training data
5. Results
6. Conclusions
7. Impact statement
8. Future directions
9. Contributions
10. Acknowledgements and References

Appendix

6 Conclusions

Toto, through a novel architecture and pre-training corpus, demonstrates state-of-the-art performance both on public benchmarks and on the Datadog observability benchmark. We look forward to sharing many more technical details, experiments, and benchmark results in a forthcoming paper.

7 Impact statement

In developing Toto, Datadog follows a structured approach to ensure responsible development, focusing on identifying, assessing, and mitigating potential risks associated with the use of our model. Given that Toto is not intended for mass distribution and specifically generates time series forecasts for observability data, the potential harms are considerably lower compared to more general-purpose models. At Datadog, our primary focus is on ensuring the accuracy, reliability, and security of the forecasts generated by Toto, which are crucial for maintaining and optimizing infrastructure and application performance.

\ We carefully analyze the potential for Toto to produce incorrect or misleading forecasts that could impact decision-making processes in critical systems. Additionally, we consider the implications of Toto's performance across diverse datasets, ensuring it can generalize well without introducing significant errors.

8 Future directions

Many exciting areas of exploration remain for further study. If you are interested in working with us, please reach out to the authors by email.

\ Some future research questions that particularly intrigue us include:

\ • Multi-modal inputs: Incorporate additional input modalities such as query metadata and captions to enhance forecast performance.

\ • Autonomous troubleshooting agents: Augment Datadog's AI agents [50] for troubleshooting and incident response by integrating modality-specific foundation models like Toto to improve their reasoning and planning capabilities with telemetry data.

\ • Conversational interfaces: Align time series forecasting models with LLMs to develop conversational agents capable of interpreting and reasoning about time series data.

\ • Model enhancements and scaling: Explore ways to improve and scale model performance through optimizations such as new types of input embeddings, attention mechanisms, and examining alternative variate groupings to capture richer interactions.

9 Contributions

Contributors are listed in alphabetical order.

\ Othmane Abou-Amal, Joseph Banks, Mayeul Blanzat, Ben Cohen, Youssef Doubli, Ben Hinthorne, Emaad Khwaja, Jared Ledvina, Charles Masson, Sajid Mehmood, Elise Ram´e, Maxime Visonneau, Kan Wang.

10 Acknowledgements

Our work is made possible by the efforts of numerous teams at Datadog. Special thanks and acknowledgement to:

\ Johan Andersen, Roashan Ayene, Romoli Bakshi, Kevin Beach, Bill Birkholz, Rob Boll, Maxim Brown, Benedetto Buratti, Marion Chan-Renous, Jessica Cordonnier, Ben Donohue, Zakaria Fikrat, Quentin Franc¸ois, Erica Hale, Michael Hoang, Joe Jones, Max Livingston, Jesse Mack, Amine Naouas, Sean O'Connor, Brendan Rhoads, Phil Sarin, Vyom Shah, Aaron Taa, Bharath Vontimitta, Dominique West, Steven Zhou.

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Appendix

A.1 Model architecture

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\ \ A.2 Results

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:::info Authors:

(1) Ben Cohen (ben.cohen@datadoghq.com);

(2) Emaad Khwaja (emaad@datadoghq.com);

(3) Kan Wang (kan.wang@datadoghq.com);

(4) Charles Masson (charles.masson@datadoghq.com);

(5) Elise Rame (elise.rame@datadoghq.com);

(6) Youssef Doubli (youssef.doubli@datadoghq.com);

(7) Othmane Abou-Amal (othmane@datadoghq.com).

:::

:::info This paper is available on arxiv under CC BY 4.0 license.

:::

\