Los bancos de la zona euro con grandes negocios en dólares deberían reforzar sus colchones de liquidez y capital para resistir cualquier contracción de la divisa estadounidense, dijo el Banco Central Europeo este miércoles.Los bancos de la zona euro con grandes negocios en dólares deberían reforzar sus colchones de liquidez y capital para resistir cualquier contracción de la divisa estadounidense, dijo el Banco Central Europeo este miércoles.

Los bancos de la zona euro expuestos al dólar necesitan más colchones: BCE

2025/11/26 20:36

Los bancos de la zona euro con grandes negocios en dólares deberían reforzar sus colchones de liquidez y capital para resistir cualquier contracción de la divisa estadounidense, dijo el Banco Central Europeo este miércoles.

El BCE ha estado diciendo a los bancos que vigilen su exposición al dólar desde que los aranceles del presidente de EU, Donald Trump, y su presión sobre la Reserva Federal sacudieron la confianza en la moneda de reserva mundial durante la primavera boreal.

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En la última Revisión de Estabilidad Financiera del BCE, el mensaje se agudizó: el puñado de grandes bancos de la zona euro con actividad en dólares necesita prepararse. "Podría ser necesario un margen de capital para absorber (...) una mayor volatilidad de las divisas y el riesgo de crédito de contraparte", dijo el BCE en el informe semestral. 

"Los bancos deberían mantener activos líquidos en dólares para contrarrestar las salidas y actuar como intermediarios estabilizadores".

La Revisión de Estabilidad Financiera, elaborada por los expertos del BCE, no supone recomendaciones vinculantes para los bancos bajo su supervisión. Sin embargo, subraya la profunda preocupación de los dirigentes monetarios por la liquidez en dólares. 

Según el BCE, las operaciones en dólares se concentran en los pesos pesados mundiales del bloque. Se trata de BNP Paribas, Deutsche Bank, Crédit Agricole, Groupe BPCE e ING, Banco Santander y Société Générale.

El negocio suele incluir el endeudamiento en los mercados monetarios estadounidenses para financiar fondos de cobertura o la venta de "swaps" de divisas a aseguradoras, fondos y empresas que cubren su exposición al dólar.

Para compensar su propio riesgo cambiario, estos bancos suelen tomar el lado opuesto con prestamistas globales a través de "swaps" que rara vez aparecen en los balances.

"La refinanciación de estas posiciones puede resultar complicada en periodos de tensión en los mercados de "swaps" de divisas", afirma el BCE.

Un escenario de pesadilla —no detallado en la revisión— sería que la Reserva Federal cerrara su línea de liquidez de emergencia al BCE, eliminando un respaldo en el que los bancos han confiado desde la crisis financiera.

Por el momento, el BCE sólo ve un desajuste "limitado" entre activos y pasivos en dólares, ya que algunos bancos utilizan acuerdos de recompra (repos) para alinear los vencimientos. Pero advirtió de que estas estrategias "no eliminan por completo el riesgo de liquidez".

"En un escenario extremo, las salidas de dólares podrían agotar la capacidad de los bancos para obtener liquidez mediante repos, "swaps" de divisas y la venta de dichos activos", dijo el BCE.

Los bancos de la zona euro tenían 681,000 millones de euros (788,530 millones de dólares) en títulos en dólares y prestaron el equivalente a 712,000 millones de euros en la divisa estadounidense a finales del año pasado, según datos del BCE.

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