Russia’s crypto mining industry has grown into a major consumer of cheap domestic energy, but the state now wants far tighter control over who mines, where, and on what terms.

After legalizing mining in late 2024, the government has quickly moved to criminal penalties because most miners still avoid registration and formal taxation.

The Ministry of Justice has published draft amendments to the Criminal Code that would treat many forms of unregistered mining as a criminal offence rather than just an administrative violation.

What the Draft Penalties Say

Under the proposal, individuals who mine cryptocurrency without proper registration could face fines of up to 1.5 million rubles, roughly the equivalent of high four‑figure dollar sums, or up to two years of forced labor.

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Courts would also have the option to impose up to 480 hours of compulsory labor in less severe cases, tightening the consequences even for smaller operations that ignore the rules.

​Lawmakers reserve the harshest sanctions for mining that generates “significant” or “especially large” income, or that involves organized groups. In those cases, offenders could receive up to five years in prison, face forced labor of similar length, and pay fines of up to 2.5 million rubles, with additional financial penalties still possible.

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Despite the new framework that took effect on November 1, 2024, only a minority of miners have entered the official register maintained by the Federal Tax Service. Deputy Finance Minister Ivan Chebeskov said in June that only about 30% of miners had registered, leaving roughly two‑thirds of the sector operating in a “gray zone.”

From Legalization to Tight Control

Russia classifies miners with monthly electricity use below 6,000 kWh as private individuals, who may mine without entering the special register but must pay personal income tax on their coins.

Larger commercial miners and infrastructure operators must register and file a dedicated monthly tax form declaring the amount of digital currency they produce, or risk falling under the scope of the new criminal provisions.

President Vladimir Putin signed the core laws that legalized and structured crypto mining in August 2024, with the main provisions coming into force on November 1 that year.

The legislation created registration and reporting requirements for mining firms and pool operators, and gave regulators scope to restrict activity in regions where power systems face stress.

The same framework bars foreign entities from engaging in crypto mining in Russia and bans public advertising or open offers of mining‑related services.